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Legend has it that Lord Parashuram (Lord Vishnu’s sixth incarnation) shot an arrow into the Arabian Sea from a mountain peak. The arrow hit Baannaavali (Benaulim) and made the sea recede, reclaiming the land of Goa.〔http://www.ruthdesouza.com/2009/11/30/view-from-a-goan/〕 The history of Goa goes back 20,000–30,000 years and Goans communicate in the Konkani language. Goans, the inhabitants of Goa were ruled by different non-secular rulers who were, Hindus, Muslims and Catholics. Coastal Goa during colonial times interacted with traders of same secular faith (e.g., Christianity), who communicated in different languages (e.g., Portuguese, French, English). Hence, the Konkani language used for communication in Goa within its own boundaries has been influence by interaction with the governing communities in Arabic, Portuguese, English. The interaction resulted in loaning words from other languages. A loanword, (or loan word or loan-word) is a word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language without translation. It is distinguished from a calque, or loan translation, where a meaning or idiom from another language is translated into existing words or roots of the host language. Using loanwords in Konkani language is not unique to Konkani language, and loanwords, from non-secular origins resulted in Arabization and Romanization of languages. Similarly colonial languages such as Portuguese, Spanish and English, have loaned words from each other. Examples of loan words in English include: café (from French ''café'' ‘coffee’), bazaar (from Persian ''bāzār'' ‘market’), and kindergarten (from German ''Kindergarten'' ‘children’s garden’). The word ''loanword'' is itself a calque of the German term ''Lehnwort'',〔(Online Etymology Dictionary )〕 while the term ''calque'' is a loanword from French. The Konkani word Feni (or fenny or fenim) is a spirit produced exclusively in Goa, India. Feni is produced from cashew(Caju) apple. Cashew fruit is originally native to northeastern Brazil, the tree is now widely grown in tropical regions of, India and Nigeria. While the cashew plant is native to northeast Brazil, the Portuguese brought it to Goa, India, between 1560 and 1565. From there it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.cajucultura.com/historia.html )〕 The word Feni has been loaned to the world in every known language, Saud ani Viva La Goa (Happy Health and Long Live Goa)! ==Diversity of faith of inhabitants== The first written reference to Goa appears in Cuneiform during Sumerian times when the King Gudea of Lagash called Goa ''Gubio''. This was around 2200 BC and Sumerians had established trade contacts with Goa. Many Sumerians settled in Goa and along the Konkan coast. The theocratic democracy of Sumerian was transformed into the oligarchic democracy of village-administration in Goa known as ''Gavkari'', when it overlapped with the practices of the locals. The agricultural land was jointly owned by the group of villagers, they had right to auction the land, this rent was used for development, and the remainder was distributed amongst the ''Gavkars''. Sumerians view that the village land must belong to the village god or goddess, this was the main feature of the ''Gavkari'' system where the village's preeminent deity's temple was the centre of all the activities. Thus even before any king ruled the territory, oligarchic democracy in the form of Gavkari existed in Goa. Hence, oligarchic democracy (in the form of Gavkari) existed in Goa. (Konkani:गांवपण), and despite the periodic change of sovereigns, the Gaunponn always remained, hence the attachment and fidelity of the Goans to their village has always surpassed their loyalty to their rulers (most of them were extraterritorial). This system for governance became further systematized and fortified, and it has continued to exist ever since. Even today 223 comunidades are still functioning in Goa, though not in the true sense. The second wave of Indo-Aryans arrived sometime between 1700 to 1400 BC. This second wave migration was accompanied by Dravidians from the Deccan plateau. A wave of ''Kusha'' or Harappan people moved to Lothal probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilisation which thrived on sea-trade. With the admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in early Goan society. Chandragupta Maurya incorporated the west coast of India in his province of Aparanta, and the impact of Magadhan Prakrit, the official language of the Mauryan Empire, on the local dialects resulted in the formation of early Konkani, as was the case with other Aryan vernaculars. The Kadambas ruled Goa from the 10th to 14th centuries. In the beginning, the Kadambas ruled only Sashti and a small part of Konkan. They ruled from Chandor, over a large part, but the port of Gopakapattana was not included in the early years. The Goa Kadambas were the later scions of the main Kadamba Dynasty, whose modern descendants still live in Goa. Though their language of administration was Sanskrit and Kannada, Konkani and Marathi were also prevalent. They introduced Kannada language to Goa, which had a very profound influence on the local tongue. Nagari script, Kadamba script, Halekannada script and Goykanadi scripts were very popular. Kadambas ruled Goa for more than 400 years until they lost power to Devagiri Yadavas. After the Muslim invasions, the Kadamba Dynasty was lost forever. Ruins of the palaces, mansions, temples and markets can be still seen in Chandor village. In 1350 AD, Goa was conquered by the Bahmani Sultanate. However, in 1370, the Vijayanagar empire, a resurgent Hindu empire situated at modern day Hampi, reconquered the area. In 1469 Goa was reconquered by the Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga. When this Sultanate broke up in 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's Bijapur Sultanate, which established Goa Velha as its second capital. In 1510, Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque attacked Goa at the behest of the local chieftain Thimayya. After losing the city briefly to its former ruler, Ismail Adil Shah, the Muslim King of Bijapur, Albuquerque returned in force on 25 November, with a fully renovated fleet.〔''Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580,'' p. 253, Diffie, Winius 253, Diffie, Winius〕 In less than a day, the Portuguese fleet took possession of Goa from Ismail Adil Shah and his Ottoman allies, who surrendered on 10 December. The former Secretariat building in the state capital of Ponje (Konkani) or Panjim (English) (now Panaji) is a former Adil Shahi palace, later taken over by the Portuguese Viceroys as their official residence. When India became independent in 1947, Goa remained under Portuguese control. On 16 December 1961, Indian troops crossed the border into Goa and liberated (or invaded) Goa. 'Operation Vijay' involved sustained land, sea, and air strikes for more than 36 hours; it resulted in the unconditional surrender of Portuguese forces on 19 December. Vauraddeancho Ixtt (workers friend in Konkani) a Romani Konkani publication, played a brave role in the support of Goa’s freedom struggle, a role that angered the Portuguese who then imposed clamps on the paper.〔United Goans Party〕 It played the role of a nationalist newspaper that the Portuguese tried to suppress before the Invasion of Goa.(needed ) It was initially published in Romani Konkani, Portuguese, and English. Currently, it is mainly in Romani Konkani, with a few columns in English.〔Vauraddeancho Ixtt〕 A United Nations resolution condemning the invasion was proposed by the United States and the United Kingdom in the United Nations Security Council, but it was vetoed by the USSR. Under Indian rule, Goan voters went to the polls in a referendum and voted to become an autonomous, federally administered territory. Goa was admitted to Indian statehood in 1987. After joining India, the territory of Goa was under military rule for five months, however the previous civil service was soon restored and the area became a federally administered territory. Goa celebrates its "Liberation Day" on 19 December every year, which is also a state holiday. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of loanwords in Konkani」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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